16 changed files with 210 additions and 402 deletions
+1 -5
View File
@@ -4,12 +4,8 @@ __pycache__
*.csv
*.typ
*.pdf
*.py
*.png
*.csv
scripts
# Skrár sem PlatformIO býr til sjálft
# Vélarsértækar skrár sem PlatformIO býr til sjálft
.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json
.vscode/launch.json
compile_commands.json
+8 -4
View File
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@ skinparam state {
[*] --> Initialization
state Initialization
Initialization : Entry / Stop motor
Initialization : Entry / Initialize internal parameters
Initialization : Entry / Reset speed measurement
Initialization : Entry / Stop motor
Initialization : Do / Initialize internal parameters
Initialization : Do / Reset speed measurement
Initialization : Do / Wait 2 seconds
Initialization : Exit / Send Boot-up message
state Operational
Operational : Entry / LED on
Operational : Do / Run speed controller
@@ -26,7 +28,9 @@ state Stopped
Stopped : Do / Blink LED at 2 Hz
Stopped : Exit / LED off
Initialization --> Operational : initialization complete
Initialization --> Operational : initialization\n complete
Operational --> Initialization : reset
Operational --> Stopped : fault detected
+18
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@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
#ifndef CONTROLLER_H
#define CONTROLLER_H
class Controller
{
public:
virtual ~Controller()
{
}
virtual double update(double ref, double actual) = 0;
virtual void reset()
{
}
};
#endif
+1 -1
View File
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
class InitializationState : public State
{
private:
static const unsigned long WAIT_MS = 2000;
static const unsigned long WAIT_MS = 2000UL;
unsigned long enter_time_ms = 0;
+23 -15
View File
@@ -3,25 +3,18 @@
#include "rotary_encoder_driver.h"
#include "motor_driver.h"
#include "p_controller.h"
//#include "p_controller.h"
//#include "pi_controller.h"
#include "controller.h"
#include "digital_out.h"
class State;
// Gildi úr einni keyrslu á hraðastýringunni, til útprentunar
struct ControlSample
{
double ref_rpm;
double actual_rpm;
double pwm_actual;
};
class MotorController
{
private:
static constexpr double DEFAULT_REFERENCE_RPM = 25.0;
static constexpr double DEFAULT_REFERENCE_RPM = 40.0;
static constexpr double PWM_PER_PERCENT = 255.0 / 100.0;
static const uint8_t LED_PIN = 5; // PB5 = D13 = LED_BUILTIN
@@ -33,7 +26,9 @@ private:
RotaryEncoderDriver& encoder;
MotorDriver& motor;
P_controller& controller;
//P_controller& controller;
//PI_controller& controller;
Controller& controller;
Digital_out led;
@@ -44,13 +39,21 @@ public:
MotorController(
RotaryEncoderDriver& encoder,
MotorDriver& motor,
P_controller& controller,
//P_controller& controller,
Controller& controller,
State& initialization,
State& operational,
State& stopped
);
// void set_states(
// State* initialization,
// State* operational,
// State* stopped
// );
void begin();
void update();
@@ -69,8 +72,7 @@ public:
bool fault_active();
// Skilar true ef ný mæling var tekin og sample fyllt út
bool run_speed_controller(ControlSample& sample);
void run_speed_controller();
void stop_motor();
@@ -78,9 +80,15 @@ public:
void reset_controller();
void led_on();
void led_off();
};
#endif
-8
View File
@@ -3,17 +3,9 @@
#include "state.h"
#include <stdint.h>
class OperationalState : public State
{
private:
static constexpr double SAMPLE_PERIOD_MS = 4.0;
// uint32_t svo teljarinn flæði ekki yfir eftir ~4 mín (eins og uint16_t)
uint32_t sample_count = 0;
public:
void enter() override;
+10 -6
View File
@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
#ifndef P_CONTROLLER_H
#define P_CONTROLLER_H
class P_controller
#include "controller.h"
class P_controller : public Controller
{
protected:
private:
double Kp;
public:
P_controller(double Kp);
virtual ~P_controller() {}
virtual double update(double ref, double actual);
virtual void reset() {}
double update(double ref, double actual) override;
};
#endif
#endif
+19 -13
View File
@@ -1,21 +1,27 @@
#ifndef PI_CONTROLLER_H
#define PI_CONTROLLER_H
#include "p_controller.h"
#include "controller.h"
class PI_controller : public P_controller
class PI_controller : public Controller
{
private:
static constexpr double U_MAX = 100.0; // %
static constexpr double U_MIN = -100.0; // %
private:
double Kp;
double Ti;
double T;
double Ti;
double T;
double integral;
public:
PI_controller(double Kp, double Ti, double T);
double update(double ref, double actual) override;
void reset() override;
double integral;
public:
PI_controller(
double Kp,
double Ti,
double T
);
double update(double ref, double actual) override;
void reset() override;
};
#endif
#endif
-7
View File
@@ -16,10 +16,3 @@ framework = arduino
monitor_speed = 115200
test_framework = unity
test_build_src = yes
; [env:native]
; platform = native
; test_framework = unity
; test_build_src = yes
; build_src_filter = -<*> +<p_controller.cpp> +<pi_controller.cpp>
+35 -120
View File
@@ -1,113 +1,46 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Teiknar step response-plott ur CSV-gognum sem Arduino-verkefnid prentar ut
i Operational state (dalkar: time_ms, ref_rpm, actual_rpm, pwm_actual).
(dalkar: time_ms, ref_rpm, actual_rpm, pwm_requested, pwm_actual).
pwm_actual = stýrimerkid klippt vid +-255, þ.e. þad sem raunverulega
var sent a motor.set() / vélbúnaðinn
Hausinn er prentadur i hvert skipti sem farid er inn i Operational, svo ein
skra getur innihaldid nokkrar keyrslur. Adeins sidasta keyrslan er teiknud.
Skriptan metur lika sveiflutima (Tu) og utslag ef kerfid sveiflast, sem
nytist til ad finna Ku/Tu fyrir Ziegler-Nichols.
pwm_requested = Kp * error * 2.55, oklippt (getur farid langt yfir +-255)
pwm_actual = sama gildi en klippt vid +-255, þ.e. þad sem raunverulega
var sent a motor.set() / vélbúnaðinn
Notkun:
python plot_step_response.py [inntak.csv] [uttak.png] [titill] [--no-pwm]
--no-pwm teiknar bara RPM (PWM-dalkurinn ma lika vanta i CSV-skranni)
python plot_step_response.py [inntak.csv] [uttak.png] [titill]
Sjalfgefid: data/step_response.csv -> data/step_response.png
"""
import sys
import csv
import statistics
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
COLUMNS = ["time_ms", "ref_rpm", "actual_rpm", "pwm_actual"]
REQUIRED = ["time_ms", "ref_rpm", "actual_rpm"]
# Onnur nofn sem eldri utgafur firmware-sins hafa notad fyrir sama dalk
ALIASES = {"pwm": "pwm_actual"}
def empty_cols():
return {key: [] for key in COLUMNS}
def load_csv(path):
cols = empty_cols()
header = None
cols = {"time_ms": [], "ref_rpm": [], "actual_rpm": [],
"pwm_requested": [], "pwm_actual": []}
with open(path, newline="") as f:
for row in csv.reader(f):
if row and row[0].strip() == "time_ms":
header = [name.strip() for name in row]
header = [ALIASES.get(name, name) for name in header]
missing = [key for key in REQUIRED if key not in header]
if missing:
sys.exit(f"Dalka vantar i haus {row}: {missing}")
continue
if header is None:
# rusl a undan fyrsta haus (t.d. "State: Initialization")
continue
reader = csv.DictReader(f)
for row in reader:
try:
values = {key: float(row[header.index(key)])
for key in COLUMNS if key in header}
except (ValueError, IndexError):
# sleppir linum sem eru ekki gild data (t.d. "State: ...")
for key in cols:
cols[key].append(float(row[key]))
except (ValueError, KeyError):
# sleppir linum sem eru ekki gild data (t.d. rusl fyrir/eftir)
for key in cols:
if len(cols[key]) > len(cols["time_ms"]):
cols[key].pop()
continue
# Timinn byrjar aftur a 0 -> ny keyrsla, hendum theirri gomlu
if cols["time_ms"] and values["time_ms"] <= cols["time_ms"][-1]:
cols = empty_cols()
for key in values:
cols[key].append(values[key])
return cols
def estimate_oscillation(time_s, actual_rpm):
"""
Metur sveiflutima ut fra uppleid i gegnum medaltal seinni helmings
gagnanna (fyrri helmingur er transient). Hysteresis kemur i veg fyrir
ad sudid i rpm-maelingunni gefi falskar skurdpunkta.
Skilar (Tu [s], utslag [rpm]) eda None ef engin skyr sveifla.
"""
half = len(actual_rpm) // 2
t = time_s[half:]
y = actual_rpm[half:]
if len(y) < 20:
return None
mean = statistics.fmean(y)
band = 0.25 * statistics.pstdev(y)
if band == 0:
return None
crossings = []
below = y[0] < mean - band
for ti, yi in zip(t, y):
if below and yi > mean + band:
crossings.append(ti)
below = False
elif not below and yi < mean - band:
below = True
if len(crossings) < 3:
return None
periods = [b - a for a, b in zip(crossings, crossings[1:])]
amplitude = (max(y) - min(y)) / 2.0
return statistics.fmean(periods), amplitude
def plot(cols, out_path, title_suffix="", show_pwm=True):
def plot(cols, out_path, title_suffix=""):
time_s = [t / 1000.0 for t in cols["time_ms"]]
ref_rpm = cols["ref_rpm"]
actual_rpm = cols["actual_rpm"]
pwm_requested = cols["pwm_requested"]
pwm_actual = cols["pwm_actual"]
show_pwm = show_pwm and len(pwm_actual) == len(time_s)
fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 5))
@@ -119,17 +52,14 @@ def plot(cols, out_path, title_suffix="", show_pwm=True):
ax1.set_ylabel("Angular velocity [RPM]")
ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
lines, labels = ax1.get_legend_handles_labels()
if show_pwm:
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(time_s, pwm_actual, label="PWM actual (clamped)",
color="#d62728", linewidth=1.4)
ax2.axhline(255, color="#d62728", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.3)
ax2.axhline(-255, color="#d62728", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.3)
ax2.set_ylabel("PWM [-255, 255]")
lines2, labels2 = ax2.get_legend_handles_labels()
lines += lines2
labels += labels2
ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(time_s, pwm_requested, label="PWM requested (unclamped)",
color="#d62728", linewidth=1.0, alpha=0.5, linestyle=":")
ax2.plot(time_s, pwm_actual, label="PWM actual (clamped)",
color="#d62728", linewidth=1.4)
ax2.axhline(255, color="#d62728", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.3)
ax2.axhline(-255, color="#d62728", linewidth=0.6, alpha=0.3)
ax2.set_ylabel("PWM [-255, 255]")
# Merkjum stokkpunktinn (fyrsta stadin thar sem ref hoppar fra 0)
step_idx = next((i for i, r in enumerate(ref_rpm) if r > 0), None)
@@ -139,23 +69,12 @@ def plot(cols, out_path, title_suffix="", show_pwm=True):
ax1.text(time_s[step_idx], max(actual_rpm) * 1.02, " step",
fontsize=9, va="bottom")
osc = estimate_oscillation(time_s, actual_rpm)
# if osc is not None:
# tu, amplitude = osc
# print(f"Sveifla: Tu = {tu * 1000:.1f} ms, utslag = +-{amplitude:.2f} RPM")
# ax1.text(0.99, 0.98, f"Tu ≈ {tu * 1000:.1f} ms\n"
# f"amplitude ≈ ±{amplitude:.2f} RPM",
# transform=ax1.transAxes, fontsize=9, va="top", ha="right",
# bbox=dict(facecolor="white", alpha=0.8, edgecolor="#cccccc"))
# else:
# print("Engin skyr sveifla fannst i seinni helmingi gagnanna")
lines1, labels1 = ax1.get_legend_handles_labels()
lines2, labels2 = ax2.get_legend_handles_labels()
ax1.legend(lines1 + lines2, labels1 + labels2, loc="lower right",
fontsize=8)
ax1.legend(lines, labels, loc="lower right", fontsize=8)
if show_pwm:
title = "Step response: RPM and PWM over time"
else:
title = "Step response: RPM over time"
title = "Double step response: RPM and PWM over time"
if title_suffix:
title += f" ({title_suffix})"
fig.suptitle(title)
@@ -165,12 +84,8 @@ def plot(cols, out_path, title_suffix="", show_pwm=True):
if __name__ == "__main__":
show_pwm = "--no-pwm" not in sys.argv
args = [a for a in sys.argv[1:] if a != "--no-pwm"]
in_path = args[0] if len(args) > 0 else "data/step_response.csv"
out_path = args[1] if len(args) > 1 else "data/step_response.png"
title_suffix = args[2] if len(args) > 2 else ""
in_path = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else "data/twostep.csv"
out_path = sys.argv[2] if len(sys.argv) > 2 else "data/twostep.png"
title_suffix = sys.argv[3] if len(sys.argv) > 3 else ""
data = load_csv(in_path)
if not data["time_ms"]:
sys.exit(f"Engin gogn fundust i {in_path}")
plot(data, out_path, title_suffix, show_pwm)
plot(data, out_path, title_suffix)
+3
View File
@@ -15,7 +15,10 @@ void InitializationState::enter()
context->reset_speed_measurement();
context->reset_controller();
enter_time_ms = millis();
}
+11 -11
View File
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
// main.cpp er sleppt i test-build (pio test) svo setup()/loop() rekist ekki a prof
#ifndef PIO_UNIT_TESTING
#include <Arduino.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include "rotary_encoder_driver.h"
#include "motor_driver.h"
//#include "p_controller.h"
#include "pi_controller.h"
#include "motor_controller.h"
@@ -19,13 +17,15 @@ RotaryEncoderDriver encoder;
MotorDriver motor;
const double Kp = 10.125; // Ku * 0.45
const double Ti = 0.0334; // Tu * 0.83 37
const double T = 0.004; // 0.004
//const double KP = 12.5;
// P_controller controller(Kp);
PI_controller controller(Kp, Ti, T);
//P_controller controller(KP);
PI_controller controller(
12.5, // Kp
1.0, // Ti
0.004 // T = 4 ms
);
InitializationState initialization_state;
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ int main()
motor.begin();
sei();
// motor_controller.set_states(
// &initialization_state,
// &operational_state,
@@ -91,5 +92,4 @@ int main()
// int main(){
// return 0;
// }
#endif // PIO_UNIT_TESTING
// }
+22 -36
View File
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@
MotorController::MotorController(
RotaryEncoderDriver& encoder,
MotorDriver& motor,
P_controller& controller,
//P_controller& controller,
//PI_controller& controller;
Controller& controller,
State& initialization,
State& operational,
State& stopped
@@ -58,6 +60,8 @@ void MotorController::transition_to(State& new_state)
current_state = &new_state;
current_state->set_context(this);
current_state->enter();
}
@@ -92,39 +96,20 @@ void MotorController::to_operational()
}
bool MotorController::run_speed_controller(ControlSample& sample)
void MotorController::run_speed_controller()
{
if (!encoder.new_speed_available())
if (encoder.new_speed_available())
{
return false;
double actual = encoder.rpm();
double pwm_percent =
controller.update(reference_rpm, actual);
double pwm =
pwm_percent * PWM_PER_PERCENT;
motor.set(pwm);
}
double actual = encoder.rpm();
double pwm_percent =
controller.update(reference_rpm, actual);
double pwm =
pwm_percent * PWM_PER_PERCENT;
// Klippt hér svo pwm_actual sé nákvæmlega það sem fer á mótorinn
if (pwm > 255.0)
{
pwm = 255.0;
}
if (pwm < -255.0)
{
pwm = -255.0;
}
motor.set(pwm);
sample.ref_rpm = reference_rpm;
sample.actual_rpm = actual;
sample.pwm_actual = pwm;
return true;
}
@@ -139,11 +124,6 @@ void MotorController::reset_speed_measurement()
encoder.reset_speed_measurement();
}
void MotorController::reset_controller()
{
controller.reset();
}
void MotorController::to_stopped()
{
transition_to(stopped_state);
@@ -154,6 +134,11 @@ bool MotorController::fault_active()
return motor.fault_active();
}
void MotorController::reset_controller()
{
controller.reset();
}
void MotorController::led_on()
{
led.set_hi();
@@ -164,3 +149,4 @@ void MotorController::led_off()
{
led.set_lo();
}
+1 -21
View File
@@ -8,14 +8,7 @@ void OperationalState::enter()
{
Serial.println("State: Operational");
context->reset_controller();
context->led_on();
// Tíminn byrjar á 0 í hvert skipti sem farið er inn í Operational
sample_count = 0;
Serial.println("time_ms,ref_rpm,actual_rpm");
}
// Part 1
@@ -38,20 +31,7 @@ void OperationalState::update()
return;
}
ControlSample sample;
if (context->run_speed_controller(sample))
{
sample_count++;
Serial.print(sample_count * SAMPLE_PERIOD_MS, 1);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(sample.ref_rpm, 1);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.println(sample.actual_rpm, 2);
// Serial.print(",");
// Serial.println(sample.pwm_actual, 1);
}
context->run_speed_controller();
}
+45 -20
View File
@@ -1,32 +1,57 @@
#include "pi_controller.h"
PI_controller::PI_controller(double Kp, double Ti, double T) : P_controller(Kp), Ti(Ti), T(T), integral(0.0)
PI_controller::PI_controller(
double Kp,
double Ti,
double T
)
: Kp(Kp),
Ti(Ti),
T(T),
integral(0.0)
{
}
double PI_controller::update(double ref, double actual)
{
double e = ref - actual;
double new_integral = integral + e * T;
double u = Kp * (e + new_integral / Ti);
if (u > U_MAX)
{
u = U_MAX;
}
else if (u < U_MIN)
{
u = U_MIN;
}
else
{
integral = new_integral;
}
return u;
// return 0.0;
return 0.0;
}
// double PI_controller::update(double ref, double actual)
// {
// double error = ref - actual;
// double new_integral =
// integral + error * T;
// double output =
// Kp * (error + new_integral / Ti);
// // Positive saturation
// if (output > 100.0)
// {
// return 100.0;
// }
// // Negative saturation
// if (output < -100.0)
// {
// return -100.0;
// }
// // Only save the integral if the controller
// // is not saturated
// integral = new_integral;
// return output;
// }
void PI_controller::reset()
{
integral = 0.0;
}
}
+13 -135
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@@ -1,150 +1,28 @@
#include <unity.h>
// #ifdef ARDUINO
#include <Arduino.h>
// #endif
#include "p_controller.h"
//#include "p_controller.h"
#include "pi_controller.h"
static const double KP = 2.0;
static const double TI = 1.0;
static const double KI = 1.0;
static const double T = 0.1;
static const double TOL = 1e-4; // double er 32-bita float a AVR
static const double TOL = 1e-4; // Tolerance
// void setUp(void) {}
// void tearDown(void) {}
// Normal flow: engin villa -> ekkert úttak
void test_zero_error_gives_zero_output(void)
void test_positive_error()
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, 0.0, c.update(10.0, 10.0));
PI_controller controller(KP, KI, T);
double output = controller.update(10.0, 8.0);
TEST_ASSERT_DOUBLE_WITHIN(TOL, 4.4, output);
}
// Normal flow: fyrsta skref u = Kp * (e + e*T/Ti)
void test_first_step(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
double e = 5.0;
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, KP * (e + e * T / TI), c.update(e, 0.0));
}
// Normal flow: stöðug villa safnast upp, u_n = Kp * (e + n*e*T/Ti)
void test_integral_accumulates(void)
int main()
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
double e = 5.0;
double u = 0.0;
for (int n = 1; n <= 5; n++)
{
u = c.update(e, 0.0);
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, KP * (e + n * e * T / TI), u);
}
}
// Normal flow: þegar villan er orðin 0 heldur integralið úttakinu uppi
void test_output_held_when_error_zero(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
double e = 5.0;
for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++)
{
c.update(e, 0.0);
}
double E = 5 * e * T;
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, KP * E / TI, c.update(0.0, 0.0));
}
// Alt flow: villa langt utan getu -> mettun í +100 %
void test_saturates_high(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, 100.0, c.update(10000.0, 0.0));
}
// Alt flow: mettun í -100 %
void test_saturates_low(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, -100.0, c.update(-10000.0, 0.0));
}
// Alt flow: anti-windup. Eftir langa mettun á lítil neikvæð villa
// strax að gefa úttak undir mettun (integralið óx ekki)
void test_no_integral_windup(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
for (int n = 0; n < 1000; n++)
{
c.update(10000.0, 0.0);
}
double u = c.update(0.0, 1.0); // e = -1
TEST_ASSERT_TRUE(u < 0.0);
}
// Alt flow: reset (stopped -> operational) hreinsar integralið
void test_reset_clears_integral(void)
{
PI_controller c(KP, TI, T);
for (int n = 0; n < 5; n++)
{
c.update(5.0, 0.0);
}
c.reset();
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, 0.0, c.update(0.0, 0.0));
}
// Polymorphism: kall í gegnum P_controller& gefur PI hegðun
void test_polymorphic_update(void)
{
PI_controller pi(KP, TI, T);
P_controller& c = pi;
double e = 5.0;
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, KP * (e + e * T / TI), c.update(e, 0.0));
}
// P_controller hegðar sér óbreytt
void test_p_controller_unchanged(void)
{
P_controller c(KP);
TEST_ASSERT_FLOAT_WITHIN(TOL, KP * 5.0, c.update(5.0, 0.0));
}
void setup()
{
// init();
delay(2000);
UNITY_BEGIN();
RUN_TEST(test_zero_error_gives_zero_output);
RUN_TEST(test_first_step);
RUN_TEST(test_integral_accumulates);
RUN_TEST(test_output_held_when_error_zero);
RUN_TEST(test_saturates_high);
RUN_TEST(test_saturates_low);
RUN_TEST(test_no_integral_windup);
RUN_TEST(test_reset_clears_integral);
RUN_TEST(test_polymorphic_update);
RUN_TEST(test_p_controller_unchanged);
// return UNITY_END();
UNITY_END();
}
void loop() {}
RUN_TEST(test_positive_error);
// #ifdef ARDUINO
// void setup()
// {
// delay(2000); // bida eftir serial tengingu eftir reset
// run_tests();
// }
// void loop()
// {
// }
// #else
// int main(int argc, char** argv)
// {
// return run_tests();
// }
// #endif
return UNITY_END();
}